Article Analysis Performative Acts And Gender Constitution

Judith Butler’s essay, â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory† calls for a new way to view sex and gender. Butler argues that â€Å"gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction and taboo†. In this case, gender is not constituted by what one is, but rather what one does; the performative acts constitute gender. In other words, gender is not the starting place; it is an identity repeatedly constructed throughout time. Butler is trying to show us a feminist perspective of sex and gender. She attempts to follow Beauvoir’s path in a fight against society norms. To understand Butler’s work, it is important to know who Butler is. Judith Butler was born on February 24, 1956 in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Bennington College and Yale University afterwards where she studied philosophy, receiving her B.A. in 1978 and her Ph.D. in 1984. She then taught at Wesleyan Univers ity, George Washington University, John Hopkins University, and University of California, Berkeley. In 1987, Butler had released her first book called â€Å"Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth Century France† which was about the concept of desire. Butler had then released her better known work â€Å"Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity† in 1990, and its sequel, â€Å"Bodies that Matter: On The Discursive Limits of Sex† in 1993. Much of her work had great influence on feminism, cultural studies, and continentalShow MoreRelatedFilm, Paris, Burning, By Jennie Livingston, Director Of The 1990 Documentary Film2760 Words   |  12 PagesBurning, challenges the public to revisit their judgments on race, gender, and sexuality as she provocatively attempts to unravel the dynamic world of â€Å"ball culture† in New York City â€Å"and the African-American, Latino, gay, and transgender communities involved in it† (Livings ton). It was Livingston’s investigation that affirmed the link I was uncovering between the gender performance popularly described as drag and spirit possession. The act of men embodying women through physical appearances and gendered

Essay Teacher Expectations and Education - 2339 Words

Teacher Expectations and Education One thing I’ve learned this year is that teachers must always strive to adapt to the wide range of individual student abilities, learning styles, and interests even within a single class, but still maintain reasonable expectations, especially if tracking is present in the school. Through my observations, it seems that teacher expectations for students became increasingly lower with each track. Furthermore, minority, low socioeconomic status and learning support students most frequently appear, in the lower tracks. The low expectations in these classes may be reflected in the students as they leave the school and attempt to function in society. Research by NCTE suggests that ability tracking is†¦show more content†¦Our two regular classes had African American students at any given time, three of whom were not welcome because of their inappropriate behavior and eventually moved on, 4 ESL students, a variety of labeled and unlabeled students with various learning disabil ities, and. some students who were looking to the vocational/technical fields. Our 3 SP classes had maybe one minority student, 1 ESL student, and several LD students, but only 3 with serious reading/writing deficiencies. The purpose of the regular class seemed reasonable when originally explained to me. Smaller classes capped at 18 with two or even, three teachers, giving individualized assistance. Students might have such issues as learning disabilities, English as a second language, planning on attending a technical college, or simply not going to college. I soon began to feel uncomfortable teaching two distinctly different curriculums, each having its own set of expectations, to students who were all seniors. Of course different, but equal expectations are not necessarily bad, rather it is the lowering of expectations that can be detrimental. The main focus of the regular curriculum was non-fiction literature. The best understanding that I came up with of why we didnt teach them fiction was that these students could not think critically, nor could they get very far beyond plot, character, and setting. Furthermore, directShow MoreRelatedDo Expectations Affect Student Learning1235 Words   |  5 P agesDo Expectations Affect Student Achievement? Tashina Linder Cape Fear Community College Abstract This paper provides an overview of the effects of expectations on student achievement. It begins with a brief introduction covering Jacobson and Rosenthal’s Pygmalion Effect. Then, it introduces expectations from three sources – teachers, parents, and students. The paper discusses how high or low expectations from teachers affect student learning, noting the differences in outcomes for each. Read MoreThe Role Of State And Local Control Of Education850 Words   |  4 Pages Highly Qualified The law requires teachers to have a bachelor’s degree, a state teaching certification and to demonstrate content knowledge in the subjects they teach. Proficient and effective teachers, not only know the subject matter in which they teach they have strategies to reach all types of learners in their classroom. These qualified individuals have mastered the skills that they need to be a certification teacher. The law, however, must maintain and establish the governing body thatRead MoreThe Education System Is Wrong And Proven Wrong857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe teachers in the U.S.A’s education system through facts and informing the people of the flaws in the system. In every state of America the teachers are held accountable for the education of each of their students. I strongly disagree with this policy as you can lead a horse to water but you can’t force it to drink. Learning â€Å"is a two-way street between teachers and students† (Gardner, â€Å"What About Student Accountability†) that must be known as a mutual relationship of respect for education. InRead MoreCultural and Linguistic Diversity: Issues in Education Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesof the classrooms we teach in. As teachers, we need to be more vigilant of where are students come from. Before we can teach we need to know who we are teaching and what background, knowledge, and customs they bring with them to the classroom. We must also be aware of the factors that are relevant to the academic achievement of the students we currently teach. There are many of these factors, but I want to focus on two; teacher quality and low teacher expectations. According to Bennett and colleaguesRead More Teacher Expectations Essay1594 Words   |  7 PagesWeinstein (2008) note that one often cited contributor to the achievement gap is teacher expectations. The use of the term teacher expectations has been a source of consternation and anger for some educators because of its connection to the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy (Jussim Harber, 2005). These prophecies are â€Å"erroneous teacher expectations [that] may lead students to perform at levels consistent with those expectations (Brophy Good, 1974; Rosenthal Jacobson, 1968)† (Jussim Harber, 2005Read MorePublic Education System For Education1688 Words   |  7 PagesIt is every child’s right to have access to a public education system that will provide quality education for success in life. Yet far today far too many children, especially those from poor and minority families, are limited to at risk by school systems with a lower quality of education while students in a low poverty community receive a higher quality of education. It is frustrating that even when socio-economic statuses are rapidly merging and changing that an educational achievement gap stillRe ad MoreFactors Affecting The Academic Success Of Students796 Words   |  4 Pages all the down to individual families. Parents have often wondered if their education level will affect the academic outcomes of their children. Data from the National Center for Educational Statistics stated, â€Å"the education level of a parent does affect a child’s achievement. Children whose mothers’ have at least a bachelor’s degree tend to participate in more early education experiences† (Centers for Public Education, 2011). As educators, the researchers wanted to identify what factors contributeRead MoreMy Teaching Philosophy Of Education880 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Education Philosophy test that we took in class, my education philosophy matched with social reconstruction. Social Reconstructionist believes that systems must keep changing to improve human conditions. Also, emphasizes social questions and to create a better society. Social reconstruct ionist believe that you have to start over to make things better. While going through the PowerPoint that explained what social reconstitution is, in a deeper way, I came to the conclusion that socialRead MoreElls Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesTherefore, teachers’ negative attitudes find also support in â€Å"one-size-fits-all† act over ELLs. Orosco and O’Connor (2014) pointed out that teachers have no option when they consider that one direct strategy can accommodate all students including ELLs. ELLs tend to resist to some research-based instructions because they do not embed their lives experiences (Orosco O’Connor, 2014). However, Costes et al. (2014) claimed that the teachers’ negative beliefs are also implicit in the so-called racialRead MoreWhat Type Of Occupation Best918 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of what type of occupation best describes a teacher has been debated for many years. This obviously has ramifications in terms of how tea chers are treated and compensated for their work as well as how they are perceived by society. There is also a vast spectrum of educational and teaching realities in the world and this analysis will favour a more western perspective. As expressed by Merriam Webster (2014), the definition of profession is: a calling requiring specialized knowledge and

Impact of Family Ownership on Investment †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Family Ownership on Investment Decision. Answer: Introduction: From the point of view of Northwest Capital management, the process of buying treasury bonds and energy stocks is taking indirect securities. As an hedge fund manager it is the primary market which is direct market for me, while in secondary market like stocks, ETF, MF are indirect markets. The main markets where a hedge fund manager focusses on are IPO, primary dealing in debt space. The company's scope today consists primarily of U.S. equities (1,900+ stocks) and some economic indexes, but the potential to expand is vast geographically as well as across other financial instruments and indexes. Beyond earnings estimates, there are other metrics that investors care about, but that are difficult to forecast ahead or estimate well. Compliance costs and increasing competition from online trading platforms have weighed on the performance of traditional stockbrokers, despite higher trading volumes. Industry revenue is expected to increase at an annualised 5.9% over the five years through 2016-17, to reach an estimated $5.8 billion. Revenue is expected to grow 4.6% over the current year. Organizations often construct an ROI case using simple calculations that are based on nominal costs and benefits instead of on discounted cash flows that factor into the opportunity the cost of capital. Even more prevalent is the practice of taking a best-case position when calculating ROI. In most cases, these approaches lead to missed estimates and a gaping credibility "hole." To redress this problem, start with an assessment of the plausible outcomes in costs and benefits that are possible on implementation of the MDM initiative, then evaluate the relative likelihood of each scenario against the others. Finally, ensure that the costs and benefits of each scenario are evaluated in NPV terms to de-emphasize long-term outcomes in favor of those that are more-immediate. If this process is unfamiliar, obtain help from the finance department for which these methods are commonplace and well-understood. It may seem obvious, but enterprises often overlook that business performance metrics must be proposed and owned by the business. The IT department can't do this job, because IT does not have the final say on the key processes or on how their enablement or improvement can contribute to business value. Neither is the IT department best placed to decide how to measure success and what success looks like in business terms. The key step in creating a focus on business value in MDM discussions between the IT department and the business is to move the focus away from MDM-related metrics that measure data quality to MDM-related metrics that measure the effectiveness of key business processes. These business processes are owned by business stakeholders, and their career success and/or bonus relates to the successful execution and continuing improvement of these processes. It is still necessary to measure master data accuracy and build the linkage between this and business process success. However, a discussion about increasing the accuracy of master data from 87% to 90% will likely lead to a "so what" response, creating far less engagement with a businessperson than a discussion about how this could be used to improve the crucial order-to-cash process that then improves invoicing speed and success and leads to improved cash flow. Less is more when it comes to metrics. Metrics should be seen as only a means to an end; creating an institutionalized set of unchanging metrics that consumes resources to maintain and drive the wrong behavior is a risk. The Northwest Capital Managment Business Value Model provides the common language that is necessary to bridge the gap between high-level, strategic positions and the tactical activities that are necessary to enable them. This model does not replace standard financial metrics, it extends them. The Northwest Capital Managment Business Value Model adheres to the best practices for identifying and using performance metrics. It comprises leading indicators of financial results. The metrics are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive at a middle- to upper-management level, and there are no more than seven metrics (plus or minus two) at any management level. The relationships among the metrics (cause and effect) have been documented, and the relationship between each metric and the income statement or balance sheet (depending on the metric selected) has been quantified and documented. The aim is to create a hierarchy of MDM-related performance management metrics that are linked to financial results; thus, the standard Northwest Capital Managment Business Value Model metrics should be seen as a starting point. The top level of an organization's performance management metrics relates to the business in demand management, supply management and support services. Down a level, are the aggregate measures of functional areas such as sales (for example, sales effectiveness) and service (for example, customer responsiveness). Down another level, are the prime metrics for key business processes such as on-time delivery, customer retention and cost of sales. Finally, at the base level (not shown) are the metrics for measuring the accuracy, completeness and timeliness of master data quality. Once established, metrics provide an excellent basis for communicating strategies and objectives throughout the organization so that everyone at the functional, business unit, team or individual level understands the direction and what is expected of them. Thus, metrics are a key foundation for change management at the beginning and on an ongoing basis, as the results are collected and compared with targets and adjustments are made. For more information on linking MDM program metrics from the business value model to financial metrics such as those typically found on corporate balance sheets. Investment banks are expected to generate higher fees from MA and equity capital market transactions due to projected positive business sentiment over much of the next five-year period. Companies are expected to undertake equity raisings and seek out acquisitions for growth over the next five years, as highlighted by forecast positive business sentiment. Investment banks should also see a shift in the industries that generate deal flow. Most of the deals took place in the materials and resources sector during the past decade, as investors aimed at capitalising on Australia's mining boom. In contrast, an increased number of capital-raising and MA deals are likely to take place within service-based sectors over the next five years, such as technology, healthcare and aged care. The company's main revenue stream is from financial institutions that use its API to access real-time forecasts with feeds. Hedge funds are the primary customers of the APIs for accessing the estimates. Estimize Screener is another product targeted toward discretionary investors. The company offers two estimates: one that is the regular consensus and one that is weighted based on the estimator's past performance. As Hedge Fund organizations strive to become service-focused and more strategically relevant to the business, they need new approaches to budgeting, funding, transparency and allocation. The shift from building Hedge Fund systems to delivering, brokering or integrating Hedge Fund services continues to push Hedge Fund organizations to transform their traditional Hedge Fund financial management (Northwest Capital management) models to adapt to the following new realities: As cloud computing, the Internet of Things and digital Hedge Fund initiatives continue to take hold, CIOs must rethink their approach to Northwest Capital management in general, and to cost allocation and cost recovery specifically. Hedge Fund funding and procurement decisions will continue to become more distributed throughout the enterprise, making better Hedge Fund cost transparency more difficult, but also more important. Northwest Capital management is the process of effectively managing technology expenditures with the intent to provide the business and the Hedge Fund organization with a common platform to measure services and plan for future investments that optimize technology spending and business performance. The critical need for effective Northwest Capital management is widely recognized. While Northwest Capital management has many components, the focus of this research is on the key concepts of budgeting, funding, transparency and allocation. Across all four of these concepts is a common trend a movement from looking at them at the individual Hedge Fund-asset level to focusing on the true cost of Hedge Fund and business services. Taking a service-based approach, whereby the Hedge Fund organization delivers or "brokers" a set of business-relevant, Hedge Fund-enabled services, should result in a change as to how an enterprise funds, prices, costs and allocates costs back to the business. While more organizations describe themselves as service-based, and can point to a service catalog or portfolio, the reality is that in many cases, the key financial management concepts discussed here are still tied to the practices of the past. The focus of this research is on modernizing these practices to be more in step with the way Hedge Fund organizations wish to deliver their services. While these funding models are still relevant, we see a shift in how Hedge Fund organizations approach funding. Specifically: Wherever possible, centralize Hedge Fund spending to ensure maximum economic leverage and eliminate redundant purchases. Even in Hedge Fund organizations where funding is decentralized, a central organization (Hedge Fund, a shared-service entity or a portfolio management office) often takes responsibility for the management of the spending and the benefits realization for the investments. Ensure that all Hedge Fund investments are tracked and allocated to Hedge Fund services. All relevant Hedge Fund costs should be captured, normalized and allocated to appropriate value aggregations like technologies, applications or service. Fund Hedge Fund services based on demand and the value that services provide to the enterprise. Where possible, evaluate market prices for the same services. Significant progress must be made in terms of Hedge Fund cost transparency to support "service funding." Service-based funding represents a more enlightened approach to budgeting, which tends to be mostly bottom-up, and is too often disconnected from the enterprise strategy. Best-in-class enterprises will shift their focus to the yield, or strategic value of Hedge Fund investments. For example, leading-edge enterprises are radically changing their traditional Hedge Fund spending distribution from run the business to grow and transform initiatives. (This maps to business strategies, which are increasingly focused on growth and innovation.) Making Norwich Tools lathe investment decision Lathe A Lathe B Initial Investment ($660,000) ($360,000) 1 $128,000 $88,000 2 $182,000 $120,000 3 $166,000 $96,000 4 $168,000 $86,000 5 $450,000 $207,000 NPV @ 13% $51,445.02 $38,480.74 IRR 16% 17% Payback greater than 4 years Less than 4 years For example, infrastructure is one area where enterprises are often confounded by how to distribute the costs of the thousands of Investment decision resources that compose infrastructure. Northwest Capital Managment recommends that Investment decision organizations begin by looking at the key components of their infrastructure, such as servers and network services. Many specific infrastructure components can be assigned to the key Investment decision services provided by the Investment decision organization. However, it is not practical or even feasible for organizations to do a one-to-one mapping between every Investment decision resource and a single Investment decision service. Ultimately, the cost of all Investment decision assets including fully loaded labor for human assets must be allocated to Investment decision services. However, some assets can have their cost spread proportionately across multiple services that use the assets. This is common for assets that are part of a shared infrastructure, such as storage area networks. The tools to support service-based pricing have improved substantially during the past few years, and many organizations that are serious about service-based costing are migrating away from Microsoft Excel as a chargeback tool. Organizations often construct an ROI case using simple calculations that are based on nominal costs and benefits instead of on discounted cash flows that factor into the opportunity the cost of capital. Even more prevalent is the practice of taking a best-case position when calculating ROI. In most cases, these approaches lead to missed estimates and a gaping credibility "hole." To redress this problem, start with an assessment of the plausible outcomes in costs and benefits that are possible on implementation of the MDM initiative, then evaluate the relative likelihood of each scenario against the others. Finally, ensure that the costs and benefits of each scenario are evaluated in NPV terms to de-emphasize long-term outcomes in favor of those that are more-immediate. If this process is unfamiliar, obtain help from the finance department for which these methods are commonplace and well-understood. MDM investments take many forms, and their benefits are financial (tangible) and nonfinancial (intangible), thus ROI alone won't be sufficient to capture the value of MDM to the organization. Benefits may fall into different areas, such as relating to a legal requirement, an innovation or a revenue enhancement, cost avoidance and containment, risk mitigation or a first-mover advantage. These can be viewed in risk and reward. Still, we see a lot of organizations with questions about service-based pricing that lack well-defined services and service portfolios. We also see many organizations looking to migrate to service-based pricing that have poor Investment decision cost transparency. In fact, chargeback is often the forcing function that spurs organizations to make the necessary investments in improving Investment decision cost transparency. While the focus of this research is on evolving key ITFM concepts, chargeback cannot evolve much in isolation. It requires improvements in Investment decision cost transparency allocation structures and pricing models. Also, if it is to be done around services, the implication is that the organization has well-defined services and service portfolios. However, we still see many organizations putting "chargeback" initiatives ahead of cost transparency and even service definitions. Cost allocation is simply the process or method of attributing Investment decision costs to specific units of value services, applications, business units, projects, asset classes, technologies, products or investment profiles. One major benefit of cost allocation is that it links Investment decision spending directly to BU activities based on usage, access, capacity or some other metric that apportions Investment decision service costs. In addition, it can motivate the BUs to avoid special requests that do not contribute to their bottom lines or lack a solid business case. Thus, the customers of Investment decision provide budget justification via their willingness to pay for the services rendered, and to balance the supply, demand and price for services. In addition, allocation of Investment decision costs to business units or projects (sometimes referred to as chargeback) provides the business with a more accurate costing base from which pricing decisions can be made. For many end-customer business products and services, Investment decision support can be significant, and therefore it needs to be included in the price-setting decisions. We see an increasing desire to mature current allocation models toward a service-based financial view. That said, there are still many models of cost allocation in use today (see Figure 1). Selecting the proper model will impact cost and accuracy and is commonly a function of internal politics, accuracy requirements, and so on. References: Levy, H. (2015).Stochastic dominance: Investment decision making under uncertainty. Springer Tahir, S. H., Sabir, H. M. (2014). IMPACT OF FAMILY OWNERSHIP ON INVESTMENT DECISION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FAMILY AND NON-FAMILY COMPANIES LISTED AT KARACHI STOCK EXCHANGE (PAKISTAN).Business Excellence,8(2), 33 Kerzner, H. (2013).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons Guanche, R., De Andres, A. D., Simal, P. D., Vidal, C., Losada, I. J. (2014). Uncertainty analysis of wave energy farms financial indicators.Renewable Energy,68, 570-580. Bodie, Z. (2013).Investments. McGraw-Hill. Bebchuk, L. A., Brav, A., Jiang, W. (2015).The long-term effects of hedge fund activism(No. w21227). National Bureau of Economic Research.

Macro Economics GDP

Question: Discuss about the Macro Economics GDP. Answer: Introduction: This report will analyse and evaluate the trends in Canadian GDP, factors affecting GDP of the country, its future prospects and impacts. Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as the monetary value of the final goods and services which are produced within a country's boundaries in a particular time period. Trends of Canadian GDP: (Source: Trading Economics, 2016) Interpretation: The above chart depicts that GDP of Canadian economy over the period of 2006 to 2015. GDP decreased in 2014 i.e. C $1785.39 as compared to 2012 and 2013. It indicates that GDP has declined as compared to the last two years. There are various factors, which affects the GDP such as interest rate, exchange rate, consumer confidence, foreign direct investment and banking sectors (Coyle, 2015). Factors affecting the GDP There are several factors that can influence the economic growth which are as followed: Interest Rates: Interest rate affects the GDP of the economy. The reason behind that is the current interest rate is 0.5% that is on the lower side. It indicates that spending power of people will be increased. Reason for that is consumers can get an easy loan from the bank at the low-interest rate. In consequence, customers increase their disposable income (Sachs, 2011). Furthermore, firms will increase their investment in the goods and services due to easily borrowed loan from the bank. Thus, it can be said that flow of money will be raised in the economy, which negative impacts on the value of money. As a result, inflation will be raised that will decline the GDP of the economy (Shah, et al., 2014). Consumer Confidence Consumer and business confidence is the important factor that influences the economic growth. For example; if the consumers are confident about the future growth then, they will be encouraged to borrow and spend more money. This leads to increase in the flow of money in the market. Thus, it can be said that it will have favorable impact upon the GDP of the economy. However, if they are pessimistic then, they will save and reduce spending. It will lead to decrease in the flow of money, so the economic growth will be unfavorably affected (Sachs, 2011). Foreign direct investment: It is explained that foreign direct investment also affects the GDP of the economy. Since when FDI declines; then it will decline the supply of money in the market. Hence, export will be competitive and import will be expensive due to decline in the investment. As a result, it will have negative impact on the growth rate of the economy (Jidoud, 2015). Exchange Rate: The exchange rate also affects the economy growth rate of the country. It is because; the current exchange rate is 1 CAD = US$ 0.774692 that is lower. Hence; it can be said that lower exchange rate declines the growth rate of the economy due to the decline of the money supply in the market. As a consequence, it is stated that declining exchange rate is the crucial factor that declines the GDP (Fukuda-Parr, et al., 2015). Banking Sector Banking sectors also influence the GDP of the economy. Because of this, bank declines their lending power due to the insufficient reserve fund. Hence; money flow will decline in the economy that creates a negative impact on the firms and consumers and also leads to decline in the investment and spending power. As a result, GDP of the country will be declined (Fan, et al., 2012). Future impact on the GDP: (Source: The World Bank, 2016) Interpretation: From the chart, it can be said that GDP of CAD (C$) is likely to increase in the future. As per the above forecast table, it can be said that existing GDP is C$1785 that will be increased C$2165 in 2020. Therefore, it can be said that some factors are affected by the GDP of the Canadian economy, which is discussed below: Value of Exchange Rate The value of Canadian dollar will be raised in the future due to more demand for Canadian dollar, which impacts on the growth rate of GDP of the Country. Furthermore, revenue generation from the exports would be increased and imports will be cheaper. Besides this, inflation will decline due to decrease in the value of money in the market. Consequently, it can be said that economic growth will be enhanced (Dobbs, et al., 2015). Interest rate: (Source: Trading Economics, 2016) From the above table, it can be said that interest rate will be increased from 0.5% to 2% due to increase in the money supply in the market. Thus, purchasing power will be reduced due to the increasing interest rate. As a result, GDP will be stable in the market (Coyle, 2015). Unemployment Rate: (Source: The World Bank, 2016) The unemployment rate will also influence the GDP of Canada economy. For example; the unemployment rate is 7.2% in 2016 that indicate the purchasing power of people will be reduced. This will lead to decrease in the money supply in the market. Simultaneously, the unemployment rate is expected to decline by 2020 i.e. 6.7%. As a result, it enhances the GDP of the Canadian economy (Acemoglu and Robinson, 2012). References Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. A. (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. UK: Profile Books. Coyle, D. (2015). GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History. USA: Princeton University Press. Dobbs, R., Manyika, J. and Woetzel, J. (2015). No Ordinary Disruption: The Four Global Forces Breaking All the Trends. USA: Public Affairs. Fan, J. P., Titman, S. and Twite, G. (2012). An international comparison of capital structure and debt maturity choices.Journal of Financial and quantitative Analysis,47(01), 23-56. Fukuda-Parr, S., Remer, T. L. and Randolph, S. (2015). Fulfilling Social and Economic Rights. UK: Oxford University Press. Jidoud, A. (2015). Remittances and Macroeconomic Volatility in African Countries. USA: International Monetary Fund. Sachs, J. (2011). The End of Poverty: How We Can make it Happen in Our Lifetime. UK: Penguin. Shah, R., Gao, Z. and Mittal, H. (2014). Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and the Economy in the US, China, and India: Historical Perspectives and Future Trends. USA: Academic Press. The World Bank (2016). GDP. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG Trading Economics. (2016). Canada GDP. Retrieved From https://www.tradingeconomics.com/canada/gdp-growth